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Chronology of Events - 1960s

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‎1962:

Chronology of Events - 1970s

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‎1979:

Chronology of Events - 1980s

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‎1988:

Chronology of Events - 1950s

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‎1954:

Chronology of Events - 1940s

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‎1945:

Chronology of Events - 1900-1930s

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‎1929:

Chronology of Events - 1800s

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‎1857:

Genetic Information and the Workplace

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Adding categories

Automated Low-Level Analysis and Description of Diverse Intelligence Video program

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Adding categories

Cross-border flows of information

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Redirected page to Transborder data flow

BIAC

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Redirected page to Business and Industry Advisory Committee

Chronology of Events - 1800s

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‎1808:

Chronology of Events - 1900-1930s

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‎1922:

Chronology of Events - 1800s

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Chronology of Events - Pre-1800

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International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions

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Adding categories

International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions

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Created page with "== Overview == The '''[http://www.ifla.org/ International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions]''' ('''IFLA''') is the leading international body representing ..."

New page

== Overview ==

The '''[http://www.ifla.org/ International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions]''' ('''IFLA''') is the leading international body representing the interests of library and [[information services]] and their users. It is the global voice of the library and [[information]] profession.

Rule of law

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‎Definitions:

Right of privacy

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‎International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights:

Freedom of expression

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‎International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights:

Joint IFLA/IPA Statement on Freedom of Expression on the Internet

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‎Citation:

International Publishers' Association

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Mdscott moved page International Publishers' Association to International Publishers Association

International Publishers' Association

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International Publishers' Association

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Created page with "== Overview == The '''[http://www.internationalpublishers.org/ International Publishers' Association]''' ('''IPA''') is an international industry federation representing all ..."

New page

== Overview ==

The '''[http://www.internationalpublishers.org/ International Publishers' Association]''' ('''IPA''') is an international industry federation representing all aspects of [[book]] and journal publishing. Established in 1896, IPA's mission is to promote and protect [[publishing]] and to raise awareness for [[publishing]] as a force for economic, cultural and political development. Around the world IPA actively fights against [[censorship]] and promotes [[copyright]], literacy and [[Freedom of the press|freedom to publish]]. IPA is an industry association with a [[human rights]] mandate.

Joint IFLA/IPA Statement on Freedom of Expression on the Internet

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Adding categories

Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 19

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Adding categories

Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 19

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Created page with "== Overview == U.N. '''Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 19''' states: {{Quote|Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and [[freedom of expression|expre..."

New page

== Overview ==

U.N. '''Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 19''' states:

{{Quote|Everyone has the right to [[freedom of opinion]] and [[freedom of expression|expression]]; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart [[information]] and [[idea]]s through any [[media]] and regardless of frontiers.}}

Article 19

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 == 1961 ==
 '''May 31, 1961''' &mdash;  The first paper on [[packet switching]] theory, Leonard Kleinrock, "Information Flow in Large Communication Nets," is published in RLE Quarterly Progress Report ([http://www.lk.cs.ucla.edu/LK/Bib/REPORT/PhD/ full-text]).
@@ Line 34: / Line 36: @@
 '''September 1962''' &mdash; Paul Baran ([[Rand Corporation]]) publishes "[http://www.rand.org/pubs/papers/2005/P2626.pdf On Distributed Communications Networks]," which described the [[Internet]] and [[digital]] [[packet switching]]
 '''October 1962''' &mdash; [[DARPA]] is founded.

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	'''1979''' — Atari releases the Asteroids [[arcade game]].		'''1979''' — Atari releases the Asteroids [[arcade game]].
		+
		+	'''1979''' — [[Fiber-optic cable]] [[system]]s are first introduced.

	'''1979''' — The British Post Office introduces [[Prestel]] [[videotex service]].		'''1979''' — The British Post Office introduces [[Prestel]] [[videotex service]].

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	'''1988''' — The first [[ISDN]] is offered in United States		'''1988''' — The first [[ISDN]] is offered in United States
		+
		+	'''1988''' — The first private [[Internet service provider]]s start offering [[access]] to [[NSFnet]] to a general public.

	'''1988''' — The first transatlantic [[fiber optic]] [[cable]] is completed.		'''1988''' — The first transatlantic [[fiber optic]] [[cable]] is completed.

@@ Line 27: / Line 27: @@
 * The [[IBM]] 650 is built for business use.
 * TRADIC, the first transistorized [[computer]], is built.
 == 1956 ==
@@ Line 44: / Line 48: @@
 * Field tests begin for the first [[pager]]s.
 == 1958 ==

@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 * The non-[[programmable]] Atanasoff-Berry Computer is built. It uses [[vacuum tube]]-based [[computation]], [[binary number]]s, and a regenerative capacitor [[memory]].
 == 1942 ==
@@ Line 25: / Line 26: @@
 '''July 1945''' &mdash; Vannevar Bush publishes [[As We May Think]].
 == 1947 ==

@@ Line 36: / Line 36: @@
 '''January 25, 1915''' &mdash; The first transcontinental [[telephone line]] opens.
 == 1919 ==
@@ Line 78: / Line 82: @@
 == 1929 ==
-'''June 27, 1929''' &mdash; Th first demonstration of [[color television]] takes place at [[Bell Labs]] in New York.
+'''June 27, 1929''' &mdash; The first demonstration of [[color television]] takes place at [[Bell Labs]] in New York.
 == 1934 ==

@@ Line 12: / Line 12: @@
 * The first working [[typewriter]] is built by Pellegrino Turri for his visually impaired friend, the Countess Carolina Fantoni da Fivizzono.
 == 1811-1813 ==
@@ Line 81: / Line 85: @@
 * Sir Charles Wheatstone uses [[paper tape]] for the preparation, [[storage]], and [[transmission of data]].
 == 1865 ==

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	This report demonstrates why American workers deserve federal [[legislation]] to protect them from [[genetic discrimination]] in the workplace.		This report demonstrates why American workers deserve federal [[legislation]] to protect them from [[genetic discrimination]] in the workplace.
		+	[[Category:Publication]]
		+	[[Category:Biometrics]]
		+	[[Category:Employment]]

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	* [[2012 Data Mining Report]], at 6.		* [[2012 Data Mining Report]], at 6.
		+	[[Category:Technology]]
		+	[[Category:Data]]

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−	#redirect[[Cross-border data flow]]	+	#redirect[[Transborder data flow]]

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−	#redirect[[Business and industry Advisory Committee]]	+	#redirect[[Business and Industry Advisory Committee]]
	[[Category:Acronyms]]		[[Category:Acronyms]]

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 == 1801 ==
-* Joseph-Marie Jacquard makes an [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacquard_loom improvement] to the textile loom that used a series of [[punched card]]s as a template to allow his loom to weave intricate patterns [[automatic]]ally. [[Punched card]]s was used later by Charles Babbage in his plans for the [[Analytical Engine]].
+* Joseph-Marie Jacquard makes an [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacquard_loom improvement] to the textile loom that used a series of [[punched card]]s as a template to allow his loom to weave intricate patterns [[automatic]]ally. [[Punched card]]s are used later by Charles Babbage in his plans for the [[Analytical Engine]].
 == 1803 ==
@@ Line 11: / Line 11: @@
 == 1808 ==
-* The first working [[typewriter]] was built by Pellegrino Turri for his visually impaired friend, the Countess Carolina Fantoni da Fivizzono.
+* The first working [[typewriter]] is built by Pellegrino Turri for his visually impaired friend, the Countess Carolina Fantoni da Fivizzono.
 == 1811-1813 ==
@@ Line 35: / Line 35: @@
 == 1837 ==
-* Charles Wheatstone and William Fothergill Cooke [[patent]] the [[telegraph]].
+* Sir Charles Wheatstone and William Fothergill Cooke [[patent]] the [[telegraph]].
 * Charles Babbage conceptualizes and designs a fully [[programmable]] mechanical [[computer]] that he calls the [[Analytical Engine]].
 *  Samuel F. B. Morse [[invent]]s a practical form of [[electromagnetic]] [http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/sfbmhtml/sfbmtelessay.html telegraph] using an early version of his "[[Morse code]]."
@@ Line 79: / Line 79: @@
 '''March 25, 1857''' &mdash; The phonautograph ([[phonograph]]) is [[patent]]ed by Frenchman Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville.
 == 1865 ==

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	* The Willis-Graham Act on [[communications]] confirmed the [[Kingsbury Commitment]].		* The Willis-Graham Act on [[communications]] confirmed the [[Kingsbury Commitment]].
		+
		+	== 1922 ==
		+
		+	* Photo telegraphy ([[fax]] service) is offered as a [[telecommunications service]] in Germany.

	== 1923 ==		== 1923 ==

@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
 * Joseph-Marie Jacquard receives a [[patent]] for the loom that uses [[punch card]]s.
 == 1811-1813 ==
@@ Line 42: / Line 46: @@
 * Per and Georg Scheutz construct the first working [[Difference Engine]] based on Babbage's design in Stockholm.
 == 1844 ==
@@ Line 50: / Line 55: @@
 * The transatlantic [[cable]] is proposed.
 == 1848 ==
@@ Line 86: / Line 95: @@
 * French [[telegraph]] engineer Émile Baudot [[invent]]ed the [[Baudot Code]].
 == 1876 ==

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 The following is a chronological listing of significant events in the development of the field of Information Technology prior to 1800 (many of the dates are necessarily approximate):
 '''300 B.C.''' &mdash; The oldest surviving counting board is the Salamis tablet used by the Babylonians.
-'''300 B.C.''' &mdash; 	Euclid releases Euclid's Elements &mdash; 13 books that summarize all mathematical knowledge of the Greeks to date.
+'''300 B.C.''' &mdash; Wax tablets are used as writing material in Mesopotamia, ancient Greece, and Etruria.
 '''200 B.C.''' &mdash; The Chinese develop the "modern" [[abacus]].
 '''87 B.C.''' &mdash; The Antikythera mechanism is developed to track the movement of the stars.
-'''50 B.C.''' &mdash; Julius Caesar uses symmetrical enciphering by substitution.
+'''50 B.C.''' &mdash; Julius Caesar uses [[symmetric cryptography|symmetrical enciphering]] by substitution for sending secret messages.
 '''36 B.C.''' &mdash; The Maya develop a base-20 system of mathematics and introduce the concept of zero.
-'''60 A.D.''' &mdash;  Heron of Alexandria [[invent]]s machines that follow a series of [[instruction]]s.
+'''60 A.D.''' &mdash; Heron of Alexandria [[invent]]s machines that follow a series of [[instruction]]s.
 '''800-900''' &mdash; Arabic numerals are introduced into Europe.
 '''1439''' &mdash; Johannes Gutenberg completes [[development]] of the first printing press.
 '''1492''' &mdash; Leonardo da Vinci makes drawing of 13-[[digit]] cog-wheeled adder.
@@ Line 23: / Line 49: @@
 '''1500''' &mdash; Leonardo da Vinci [[invent]]s the first mechanical [[calculator]].
-'''1585''' &mdash; Blaise de Vigenère invents polyalphabetic enciphering.
+'''1585''' &mdash; Blaise de Vigenère invents polyalphabetic [[cipher|enciphering]].
 '''1613''' &mdash; The word "computer" is first used; it is used to describe a person who performs calculations or computations.
@@ Line 40: / Line 66: @@
 '''1679''' &mdash; Gottfried Leibniz demonstrates [[binary]] arithmetic.
 '''1725''' &mdash; An early form of [[punch card]]s begin to be used in textile looms.

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:01, May 20, 2013
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−	== Definition ==	+	== Definitions ==

−	The '''rule of law''' provides that no person is above the law, that no one can be punished by the state except for a breach of the law, and that no one can be convicted of breaching the law except in the manner set forth in the law itself.	+	The '''rule of law''' provides that no person is above the law, that no one can be punished by the state except for a breach of the law, and that no one can be convicted of breaching the law except in the manner set forth in the law itself.
		+
		+	The '''rule of law''' is
		+
		+	{{Quote\|[a] system of [[transparent]], predictable and [[accessible]] laws and independent legal institutions and processes, which respect, protect, promote and fulfill [[human rights]].<ref>[[Implementation Guidelines]], Annex A: Definitions.</ref>}}
		+
		+	== References ==
		+	<references />

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	The '''[http://www.ifla.org/ International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions]''' ('''IFLA''') is the leading international body representing the interests of library and [[information services]] and their users. It is the global voice of the library and [[information]] profession.		The '''[http://www.ifla.org/ International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions]''' ('''IFLA''') is the leading international body representing the interests of library and [[information services]] and their users. It is the global voice of the library and [[information]] profession.
		+	[[Category:Organization]]
		+	[[Category:International]]
		+	[[Category:Data]]

@@ Line 188: / Line 188: @@
 === International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ===
-The [http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights] ([[ICCPR]]), art. 17(1) states:
+Article 17(1) of the [http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights] ([[ICCPR]]) states:
-{{Quote|No one shall be subjected to arbitrary or unlawful interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to unlawful attacks on his honour and reputation.}}
+{{Quote|No one shall be subjected to arbitrary or unlawful interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to unlawful attacks on his honour and [[reputation]].}}
 === Universal Declaration of Human Rights ===
-The [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], art. 12 states:
+Article 12 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] states:
-{{Quote|No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks.}}
+{{Quote|No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and [[reputation]]. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks.}}
 == References ==

@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 == European Union ==
-'''Freedom of expression''' is secured by the [[European Convention on Human Rights]] ([[ECHR]]) (formally the "Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms." Article 10 of the Convention states:
+'''Freedom of expression''' is secured by the [[European Convention on Human Rights]] ([[ECHR]]) (formally the "Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms"). Article 10 of the Convention states:
 {{Quote|1. Everyone has the right to freedom of expression. This right shall include freedom to hold opinions and to receive and impart information and ideas without interference by public authorities and regardless of frontiers. This Article shall not prevent States from requiring the licensing of broadcasting, television or cinema enterprises.
@@ Line 25: / Line 25: @@
 The [[European Court of Human Rights]] ([[ECHR]]) has confirmed that freedom of expression extends not only to [[idea]]s and [[information]] generally regarded as inoffensive but even to those that might offend, shock or disturb.<ref>Handyside v. United Kingdom, 5493/72 (1976).</ref> But the principle is never an absolute one. Freedom of expression may be restricted by a State, though the possible restrictions are circumscribed by a very precise set of criteria: to be considered necessary in a democratic society, the measure must meet a real social need and be effective without being disproportionate in the restrictions it imposes. The assessment will require the proportionality test to be applied.<ref>[[Green Paper on the Protection of Minors and Human Dignity in Audiovisual and Information Services]], at 12.</ref>
 == United Nations ==

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 == Citation ==
-[[International Publishers' Association]] ([[IPA]]) and the [[International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions]] ([[IFLA]]), '''Joint IFLA/IPA Statement on Freedom of Expression on the Internet''' ([http://www.ifla.org/publications/joint-iflaipa-statement-on-freedom-of-expression-on-the-internet full-text]).
+[[International Publishers Association]] ([[IPA]]) and the [[International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions]] ([[IFLA]]), '''Joint IFLA/IPA Statement on Freedom of Expression on the Internet''' ([http://www.ifla.org/publications/joint-iflaipa-statement-on-freedom-of-expression-on-the-internet full-text]).
 == Overview ==

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	== Overview ==		== Overview ==

−	The '''[http://www.internationalpublishers.org/ International Publishers' Association]''' ('''IPA''') is an international industry federation representing all aspects of [[book]] and journal publishing. Established in 1896, IPA's mission is to promote and protect [[publishing]] and to raise awareness for [[publishing]] as a force for economic, cultural and political development. Around the world IPA actively fights against [[censorship]] and promotes [[copyright]], literacy and [[Freedom of the press\|freedom to publish]]. IPA is an industry association with a [[human rights]] mandate.	+	The '''[http://www.internationalpublishers.org/ International Publishers Association]''' ('''IPA''') is an international industry federation representing all aspects of [[book]] and journal publishing. Established in 1896, IPA's mission is to promote and protect [[publishing]] and to raise awareness for [[publishing]] as a force for economic, cultural and political development. Around the world IPA actively fights against [[censorship]] and promotes [[copyright]], literacy and [[Freedom of the press\|freedom to publish]]. IPA is an industry association with a [[human rights]] mandate.

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	The [[author]]s state that [[access]] to, and expression on, the [[Internet]] and all of its resources should be consistent with the U.N. [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], and especially [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 19\|Article 19]].		The [[author]]s state that [[access]] to, and expression on, the [[Internet]] and all of its resources should be consistent with the U.N. [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], and especially [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 19\|Article 19]].
		+
		+	This statement was approved by the IFLA/IPA Steering Group at its meeting in Toronto on June 26, 2003.
		+	[[Category:Publication]]
		+	[[Category:Internet]]
		+	[[Category:Free speech]]
		+	[[Category:International]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:41, May 20, 2013
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	{{Quote\|Everyone has the right to [[freedom of opinion]] and [[freedom of expression\|expression]]; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart [[information]] and [[idea]]s through any [[media]] and regardless of frontiers.}}		{{Quote\|Everyone has the right to [[freedom of opinion]] and [[freedom of expression\|expression]]; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart [[information]] and [[idea]]s through any [[media]] and regardless of frontiers.}}
		+	[[Category:Publication]]
		+	[[Category:International]]
		+	[[Category:Free speech]]

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 '''[http://www.article19.org/ Article 19]''' is an international [[human rights]] organization, founded in 1986, which defends and promotes [[freedom of expression]] and [[freedom of information]] worldwide. It takes its mandate from the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], which guarantees the right to [[freedom of expression]] and [[freedom of information|information]]. An increasingly important means to express oneself and to seek, receive and impart [[information]] is through [[information and communication technologies]] such as the [[Internet]]. Article 19 has been promoting the [[Internet freedom]]s for over ten years and is active in developments in [[policy]] and practice around [[freedom of expression]] and the [[Internet]] through our network of partners, associates and expert contacts.
 [[Category:Organization]]
 [[Category:Free speech]]